![]() Galton continues to explain that twins should inherit similar traits from their parents, and twin studies would reveal whether nature or nurture has a bigger effect. He notes that no matter how plausible it may seem that an individual inherited traits of intellectual aptitude from their parents, the success of an individual can always be attributed to the education and experience that individual received throughout her life. Galton starts his article by stating the difficulty of determining the effects of nature and nurture on an individual’s intellectual ability and success in life when studying unrelated people. Galton uses the descriptions in inquiries he collected to compare and contrast different physical and mental characteristics of twins, and he finally states the conclusion of his study. Galton then talks about the data he collected. He then moves on to describe how he was able to collect data about twins through his studies. Galton presents his own definition of twins. Galton starts his article by describing why he chose to conduct his examination of the effects of nature and nurture through the study of twins. To study the effects of nature and nurture on an individual’s disposition and intellectual ability, Galton studied twins, who had similar or identical traits.Īs many pieces of literature at that time, Galton’s article on twins is not separated into different sections. ![]() ![]() Galton’s studies about the effects of nature and nurture followed from theories presented in Darwin’s book. While genes were not completely understood at the time, researchers were trying to determine if certain traits such as intelligence or strength were present at birth, or what is also referred to as available through nature, or if those traits were obtained through experience and the environment that a person develops in after birth, which is also referred to as the effects of nurture. In 1859, Galton’s half cousin Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, a book in which Darwin introduced the theory of evolution or the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations, natural selection or survival of better adapted individuals, and heredity or the passing of genetic information from parents to offspring. He also contributed many publications and inventions to science. Galton worked in England and studied many subjects, including geography, literature, heredity, and statistics. By studying twins, Galton introduced a way to examine the effects of nature and nurture in people who were born with similar traits, which allowed him to focus on the effects of experience on a person’s development. ![]() Based on his study, Galton concluded that nature has a larger effect than nurture on development. Galton calls those factors nature and nurture. Published in 1875 in Fraser’s Magazine in London, England, the article lays out Galton’s use of twins to examine and distinguish between the characteristics people have at birth and the characteristics they receive from the circumstances of life and experience. In the article “The History of Twins, As a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture,” Francis Galton describes his study of twins. “The History of Twins, As a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture” (1875), by Francis Galton
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